破坏一个国家的生活水平：利比亚的得与失
【加】 迈克尔•乔苏多夫斯基 著 谭扬芳 译
在北约赞助的“基地”组织叛乱下，“这里没有明天”。虽然一个“民主派”的反叛政府已重新构建，但是该国已被破坏。面对战争宣传，利比亚在过去二十多年的经济和社会成就，严重被歪曲：
阿拉伯利比亚民众国有一个高标准的生活和维持健壮的人均每天3144卡路里的摄取量。自1980年以来，该国在公共卫生方面取得了长足进展，在2009年，婴儿死亡率已从7%下降至1.9%。与此同时，平均预期寿命已从61岁上升至74岁。（粮农组织，罗马，利比亚，国家概况）
据毫无保留地支持北约的人道主义R2P授权的“改革左派”的部门：“整个利比亚，特别是在的黎波里，到处兴高采烈。人们对正在开始的新生活兴奋不已。仿佛他们的生活有一个真正意义上的重生，感觉这种重生正在徐徐启幕。（现在民主网站,2011年9月14日）
叛军临时充当“解放者”。恐怖分子充斥期间的基地组织的主要角色没有被提及。
破坏唤醒了“重生”？恐惧和社会绝望，无法计量的死亡和战争暴行。这些独立媒体作了大量报道。
没有幸福……一个国家的经济和社会发展已经发生历史性的逆转。所取得的成就已被毁灭。
北约的入侵和占领，标志着利比亚的生活水平的毁灭性的“重生”，这是被禁止说出的真相：整个国家动荡不安、惨遭破坏，其人民被驱入贫困的深渊。
北约轰炸的初衷就是要破坏该国的生活水平，卫生基础设施，学校和医院，及其配水系统。然后由国际货币基金组织和世界银行掌控下的捐助者和债权人帮助“重建”。 “自由市场”的绝对命令是确立一个西式“民主专政”的先决条件。
大约9万架次的袭击，投放范围内包括数以万计的平民。住宅区，政府大楼，供水和发电设施。（8140袭击架次从2011年3月31日到9月5日，见2011年9月5日的《北约公报》。）
整个国家已经被包括涂铀的弹药在内的最先进的弹药轰炸了。
早在8月，联合国儿童基金会警告说，北约大规模地轰炸利比亚的水基础设施“可能变成一个前所未有的卫生防疫问题”（基督教保斯莱乌欧莱森联合国儿童基金会驻利比亚办事处，2011年8月）。
“战争有益于商业”。以国际金融机构为基础，北约、五角大楼和华盛顿的密切配合，北约所破坏的将在“华盛顿共识”的指挥下由利比亚的西方债权人重建：
“具体来说，世界银行负责评估维修和恢复北约轰炸的水，能源和运输部门的需求，同时与国际货币基金组织合作，以支持预算编制（紧缩措施）使其银行业回到正常运转状态（利比亚中央银行是第一批被炸毁的政府建筑物之一）。为利比亚青年人创造就业机会已被列为国家面临的迫切需要。”（世界银行帮助利比亚重建和向公民提供基本服务）
利比亚的发展成果
无论个人如何看待穆阿迈尔•卡扎菲，在消除贫困，发展该国的卫生和教育基础设施上，后殖民时期利比亚政府发挥了关键作用。据意大利记者伊冯•去•维托（Yvonne de Vito），“不同于其他经历了革命的国家——利比亚被认为是非洲大陆的瑞士，非常富有，人民享受免费教育和免费医疗。妇女的境况也比其他阿拉伯国家要好。（《俄罗斯日报》，2011年8月25日）在一个标准的国际货币基金组织和世界银行的结构调整计划（SAP）的背景下，利比亚的这些发展成就与大多数第三世界国家在西式“民主”和“治理”下所处现状形成鲜明对比。
公共医疗服务
在北约的“人道主义干预”之前，利比亚的公共医疗服务是非洲最好的。 “医疗服务是由公共部门免费向所有公民提供，该国拥有在北非地区最高的识字率和教育入学率。政府大幅增加对卫生服务的研发预算... （世卫组织《利比亚国家简介》）
由粮食和农业组织（FAO）所确认，营养不良率低于5％，人均每天3144卡路里的热量摄取量。阿拉伯利比亚民众国向其公民提供许多美国人都没有的：免费的公共医疗，免费教育，正如世卫组织和联合国教科文组织的数据所证实的一样。
据世界卫生组织（WHO）：出生时预期寿命为72.3岁（2009年），在发展中国家是最高的。2009年，5岁以下的死亡率从1991年的7.1%下降至1.4%
2009年阿拉伯利比亚民众国基本信息
总人口
6 42万出生时预期寿命
75岁
人口年增长率2.0%人均国内生产总值 16502美元
0-14岁所占比例28%国内生产总值增长率 2.1%
农村人口比例22%偿债总额占国民总收入的百分比^... ---
平均每名妇女生育2.6学龄儿童失学率 2%（1978）
婴儿死亡率1.7
资料来源：教科文组织。利比亚国家概况
阿拉伯利比亚民众国（2009）
出生时总预期寿命 72.3岁
男性出生时预期寿命70.2岁
女性在出生时预期寿命74.9岁
新生儿体重过轻4.0%
儿童体重过轻4.8%
围产期死亡率1.9%
新生儿死亡率 11%
婴儿死亡率 1.4%
五岁以下儿童死亡率2.01%
孕产妇死亡率0.23%
来源：世卫组织
教育
成人的识字率是大约89%，（2006年），（94％的男性和83％为女性）。99.9％的青年识字。（教科文组织2006年的数字，见教科文组织，《利比亚国家报告》）
小学总入学率男孩女孩都是97％。（见联合国教科文组织表）
http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4340&BR_Region=40525）
在利比亚的小学教师中见习教师比率大约17%（1983年联合国教科文组织的数据），74％的儿童小学毕业后就读中学（1983年联合国教科文组织的数据）。
根据更多的近期数据，中学毛入学率（GER）在2002年大约为108％。毛入学率指某学年度某级教育在校生数占相应学龄人口总数比例，不考虑学生的年龄大小。
高等教育入学率（中学后，学院和大学），毛入学率（GER）在2002年为54％（男性52%，女性57%）(详情请见网站
http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4340&BR_Region=40525)
就妇女权利方面，世界银行的数据显示出显著的成就。“在一个相对短的时间内，利比亚实现普及小学教育，中学98％的毛入学率，46％为大专教育，在过去的十年中，在各级教育中女童的入学率上升12％。在中等教育和高等教育中，女生人数超过男孩10％。”（世界银行利比亚国家简介）
基本主食的价格控制
由于听信世界银行和国际货币基金组织的“自由市场”建议，大多数发展中国家取消了市场管制、价格控制和补贴，结果，基本食品价格飞涨。
近年来，主要商品交易所的投机贸易导致基本食品和燃料价格狂飙。世界上少数发展中国家还保持基本主食的价格控制体制，利比亚是其中之一。
世界银行行长佐利克在2011年4月的一份声明中承认，基本主食的价格在过去一年中增加了36％。（参见佐利克，《世界银行》）
阿拉伯利比亚民众国建立了一个基本主食的价格管制制度，这维持到北约为首的战争开始。虽然在邻国突尼斯和埃及的食品价格上涨刺激了社会动荡和持不同政见者，但在利比亚的粮食补贴制度仍维持着。这些都是由几个联合国专门代理所证实的。
实际上，国际货币基金组织和北约与华盛顿智囊团在联系，协同工作。
战争和全球化是密切相关的。
导弹外交：战争作为一种推行“自由市场”的手段
那些不愿意接受国际货币基金组织的“经济医药”的糖衣炮弹的国家最终将成为一个R2P北约的人道主义行动的对象。
似曾相识？在大英帝国，“枪船外交”是实施“自由贸易”的手段。 1850年10月5日，英国特使前往暹罗国（泰国的旧称），詹姆斯•布鲁克爵士向女皇陛下的政府提醒：“如果这些强加的自由贸易要求被拒绝，通过迅速破坏他们的湄南河的防御来实施武力，......暹罗可能领教了其长期以来的诱惑——其政府可能被改造，国王宝座更稳固，与英格兰在商业上的巨大重要性提升其国内的影响。”（The Mission of Sir James Brooke, quoted in M.L. Manich Jumsai, King Mongkut and Sir John Bowring, Chalermit, Bangkok, 1970, p. 23）
今天我们把它称为“政权更替”，和“导弹外交”，这势必触及联合国主办的“禁飞区”。
世界银行资助的“重建”战争蹂躏的国家方案，与北约的军事规划相协调。他们都不约而同地制定之前的军事行动的冲击......
利比亚的海外金融资产的冻结估计大约有150亿美元，其中超过100亿美元在北约国家。
在战争之前，利比亚没有债务。相反，R2P军事干预的目的是把阿拉伯利比亚民众国变为一个在华盛顿的布雷顿森林机构监视下的负债累累的发展中国家。
在盗窃了利比亚的石油财富并没收其海外金融资产后，“捐助界”承诺将把（偷来的）钱借给利比亚的战后“重建”的融资。简直是一个辛辣的讽刺。
国际货币基金组织承诺提供一个进一步的350亿美元的资金贷款给给“阿拉伯之春”的国家，并且正式承认利比亚的委员会作为一个合法的权力，为大量的国际放贷方开放可入权限，因为国家（利比亚）经过6个月的战争要重建...
获得国际货币基金组织的认可，对利比亚的过渡政府领导人是至关重要的，因为它意味着国际开发银行和世界银行等的捐助者现在可以提供融资。
世界各国领导人在巴黎商定，通过解冻数十亿美元的冻结资产（赃款）通过贷款来帮助利比亚的临时统治者恢复重要的服务和在结束42年专政的冲突过后的重建。
由七个主要经济体加上俄罗斯集团的融资协议的目的是，在北非和中东地区的起义后，支持改革的努力（国际货币基金组织赞助的结构调整）。
此次融资主要是以贷款的形式，而不是直接赠款，并一半由八国集团提供和另一半由其他阿拉伯国家和不同的贷款机构和开发银行提供。（金融邮报，2011年9月10日。）
作者简介：
迈克尔•乔苏多夫斯基(Michel Chossudovsky ，1946-）是加拿大渥太华大学经济学教授（名誉）和全球化研究中心（CRG）主任。是一个备受赞誉的作家。主要著作有《贫穷的全球化和世界新秩序》（2003）、《美国的“反恐战争”》（2005）和《迈向世界战争有三个方案，核战争的危险》（2011）。曾在《中国和美国：西藏人权心理战》一文中直言不讳地道出了美国支持海外西藏流亡份子的真实目的：“华盛顿意在利用人权进攻中国。”(2008)他的著作已用20多种语言出版。
附英文原文：
Destroying a Country"s Standard of Living: What Libya Had Achieved, What has been Destroyed
by Prof. Michel Chossudovsky
来源：Globalresearch.ca
Global Research, September 20, 2011
"There is no tomorrow" under a NATO sponsored Al Qaeda rebellion.
While a "pro-democracy" rebel government has been instated, the country has been destroyed.
Against the backdrop of war propaganda, Libya"s economic and social achievements over the last thirty years, have been brutally reversed:
The [Libyan Arab Jamahiriya] has had a high standard of living and a robust per capita daily caloric intake of 3144. The country has made strides in public health and, since 1980, child mortality rates have dropped from 70 per thousand live births to 19 in 2009. Life expectancy has risen from 61 to 74 years of age during the same span of years. (FAO, Rome, Libya, Country Profile,)
According to sectors of the "Progressive Left" which have endorsed NATO"s R2P mandate: "The mood across Libya, particularly in Tripoli, is absolutely —like there’s just a feeling of euphoria everywhere. People are incredibly excited about starting afresh. There’s a real sense of rebirth, a feeling that their lives are starting anew. (DemocracyNow.org, September 14, 2011 emphasis added)
The rebels are casually presented as "liberators". The central role of Al Qaeda affilated terrorists within rebel ranks is not mentioned.
"Starting afresh" in the wake of destruction? Fear and Social Despair, Countless Deaths and Atrocities, amply documented by the independent media.
No euphoria.... A historical reversal in the country"s economic and social development has occurred. The achievements have been erased.
The NATO invasion and occupation marks the ruinous "rebirth" of Libya"s standard of living That is the forbidden and unspoken truth: an entire Nation has been destabilized and destroyed, its people driven into abysmal poverty.
The objective of the NATO bombings from the outset was to destroy the country"s standard of living, its health infrastructure, its schools and hospitals, its water distribution system.
And then "rebuild" with the help of donors and creditors under the helm of the IMF and the World Bank.
The diktats of the "free market" are a precondition for the instatement of a Western style "democratic dictatorship ".
About nine thousand strike sorties, tens of thousands of strikes on civilian targets including residential areas, government buildings, water supply and electricity generation facilities. (See NATO Communique, September 5, 2011. 8140 strike sorties from March 31 to September 5, 2011)
An entire nation has been bombed with the most advanced ordnance, including uranium coated ammunition.
Already in August, UNICEF warned that extensive NATO bombing of Libya"s water infrastructure "could turn into an unprecedented health epidemic “ (Christian Balslev-Olesen of UNICEF"s Libya Office, August 2011).
Meanwhile investors and donors have positioned themselves. "War is Good for Business". NATO, the Pentagon and the Washington based international financial institutions (IFIs) operate in close coordination. What has been destroyed by NATO will be rebuilt, financed by Libya"s external creditors under the helm of the "Washington Consensus":
"Specifically, the [World] Bank has been asked to examine the need for repair and restoration of services in the water, energy and transport sectors [bombed by NATO] and, in cooperation with the International Monetary Fund, to support budget preparation [austerity measures] and help the banking sector back on to its feet [The Libyan Central bank was one of the first government buildings to be bombed]. Employment generation for young Libyans has been added as an urgent need facing the country." (World Bank to Help Libya Rebuild and Deliver Essential Services to Citizens emphasis added)
Libya"s Development Achievements
Whatever one"s views regarding Moamar Gadaffi, the post-colonial Libyan government played a key role in eliminating poverty and developing the country"s health and educational infrastructure. According to Italian Journalist Yvonne de Vito, "Differently from other countries that went through a revolution – Libya is considered to be the Switzerland of the African continent and is very rich and schools are free for the people. Hospitals are free for the people. And the conditions for women are much better than in other Arab countries." (Russia Today, August 25, 2011)
These developments are in sharp contrast to what most Third World countries were able to "achieve" under Western style "democracy" and "governance" in the context of a standard IMF-World Bank Structural Adjustment program (SAP).
Public Health Care
Public Health Care in Libya prior to NATO"s "Humanitarian Intervention" was the best in Africa. "Health care is [was] available to all citizens free of charge by the public sector. The country boasts the highest literacy and educational enrolment rates in North Africa. The Government is [was] substantially increasing the development budget for health services.... (WHO Libya Country Brief )
Confirmed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), undernourishment was less than 5 %, with a daily per capita calorie intake of 3144 calories. (FAO caloric intake figures indicate availability rather than consumption).
The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya provided to its citizens what is denied to many Americans: Free public health care, free education, as confirmed by WHO and UNESCO data.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO): Life expectancy at birth was 72.3 years (2009), among the highest in the developing World.
Under 5 mortality rate per 1000 live births declined from 71 in 1991 to 14 in 2009
(http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_lby_en.pdf)
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (2009)
Total life expectancy at birth (years) 72.3
Male life expectancy at birth (years) 70.2
Female life expectancy at birth (years) 74.9
Newborns with low birth weight (%) 4.0
Children underweight (%) 4.8
Perinatal mortality rate per 1000 total births 19
Neonatal mortality rate 11.0
Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 14.0
Under five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 20.1
Maternal mortality ratio (per 10000 live births) 23
Source WHO http://www.emro.who.int/emrinfo/index.aspx?Ctry=liy
Education
The adult literacy rate was of the order of 89%, (2009), (94% for males and 83% for females). 99.9% of youth are literate (UNESCO 2009 figures, See UNESCO, Libya Country Report)
Gross primary school enrolment ratio was 97% for boys and 97% for girls (2009) .
(see UNESCO tables at http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4340&BR_Region=40525
The pupil teacher ratio in Libya"s primary schools was of the order of 17 (1983 UNESCO data), 74% of school children graduating from primary school were enrolled in secondary school (1983 UNESCO data).
Based on more recent date, which confirms a marked increase in school enrolment, the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in secondary schools was of the order of 108% in 2002. The GER is the number of pupils enrolled in a given level of education regardless of age expressed as a percentage of the population in the theoretical age group for that level of education.
For tertiary enrolment (postsecondary, college and university), the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) was of the order of 54% in 2002 (52 for males, 57 for females).
(For further details see http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4340&BR_Region=40525
Women"s Rights
With regard to Women"s Rights, World Bank data point to significant achievements.
"In a relative short period of time, Libya achieved universal access for primary education, with 98% gross enrollment for secondary, and 46% for tertiary education. In the past decade, girls’ enrollment increased by 12% in all levels of education. In secondary and tertiary education, girls outnumbered boys by 10%." (World Bank Libya Country Brief, emphasis added)
Price Controls over Essential Food Staples
In most developing countries, essential food prices have skyrocketed, as a result of market deregulation, the lifting of price controls and the eliminaiton of subsidies, under "free market" advice from the World Bank and the IMF.
In recent years, essential food and fuel prices have spiralled as a result of speculative trade on the major commodity exchanges.
Libya was one of the few countries in the developing World which maintained a system of price controls over essential food staples.
World Bank President Robert Zoellick acknowledged in an April 2011 statement that the price of essential food staples had increased by 36 percent in the course of the last year. See Robert Zoellick, World Bank
The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya had established a system of price controls over essential food staples, which was maintained until the onset of the NATO led war.
While rising food prices in neighbouring Tunisia and Egypt spearheaded social unrest and political dissent, the system of food subsidies in Libya was maintained.
These are the facts confirmed by several UN specialised agencies.
"Missile Diplomacy" and "The Free Market"
War and Globalization are intiricately related. The IMF and NATO work in tandem, in liason with the Washington think tanks.
The NATO operation purports to enforce the neoliberal economic agenda. Countries which are reluctant to accept the sugar coated bullets of IMF "economic medicine" will eventually be the object of a R2P NATO humanitarian operation.
Déjà Vu? Under the British Empire, "gun boat diplomacy" was a means to imposing "free trade". On October 5, 1850, England"s Envoy to the Kingdom of Siam, Sir James Brooke recommended to Her Majesty"s government that:
"should these just demands [to impose free trade] be refused, a force should be present, immediately to enforce them by the rapid destruction of the defenses of the [Chaopaya] river... Siam may be taught the lesson which it has long been tempting-- its Government may be remodelled, A better disposed king placed on the throne and an influence acquired in the country which will make it of immense commercial importance to England" (The Mission of Sir James Brooke, quoted in M.L. Manich Jumsai, King Mongkut and Sir John Bowring, Chalermit, Bangkok, 1970, p. 23)
Today we call it "Regime Change" and "Missile Diplomacy" which invariably takes the shape of a UN sponsored "No Fly Zone". Its objective is to impose the IMF"s deadly "economic medicine" of austerity measures and privatization.
The World Bank financed "reconstruction" programs of war torn countries are coordinated with US-NATO military planning. They are invariably formulated prior to onslaught of the military campaign...
Confiscating Libyan Financial Assets
Libya`s frozen overseas financial assets are estimated to be of the order of $150 billion, with NATO countries holding more than $100 billion.
Prior to the war, Libya had no debts. In fact quite the opposite. It was a creditor nation investing in neighboring African countries.
The R2P military intervention is intended to spearhead the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya into the straightjacket of an indebted developing country, under the surveillance of the Washington based Bretton Woods institutions.
In a bitter irony, after having stolen Libya"s oil wealth and confiscated its overseas financial assets, the "donor community" has pledged to lend the (stolen) money back to finance Libya"s post-war "reconstruction". Libya is slated to join the ranks of indebted African countries which have driven into poverty by IMF and the World Bank since the onsalught of the debt crisis in the early 1980s:
The IMF promised a further $35-billion in funding [loans] to countries affected by Arab Spring uprisings and formally recognized Libya’s ruling interim council as a legitimate power, opening up access to a myriad of international lenders as the country [Libya] looks to rebuild after a six-month war. ...
Getting IMF recognition is significant for Libya’s interim leaders as it means international development banks and donors such as the World Bank can now offer financing.
The Marseille talks came a few days after world leaders agreed in Paris to free up billions of dollars in frozen assets [stolen money] to help [through loans] Libya’s interim rulers restore vital services and rebuild after a conflict that ended a 42-year dictatorship.
The financing deal by the Group of Seven major economies plus Russia is aimed at supporting reform efforts [IMF sponsored structural adjustment] in the wake of uprisings in North Africa and the Middle East.
The financing is mostly in the form of loans, rather than outright grants, and is provided half by G8 and Arab countries and half by various lenders and development banks. (Financial Post, September 10, 2011,
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